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Collapse of the Old Nobel Prize-Winning Electrophysiology Paradigm: True Ionic Mechanisms Underlying Action Potentials Revealed

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2026-04-27

In recent years, controversy has persisted over the scientific validity of the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model. With the disclosure of objective experimental historical facts and new theoretical achievements, the decades-old textbook system and university teaching paradigm of bioelectricity are undergoing a systematic collapse and reconstruction.

For a long time, mainstream electrophysiological theory’s description of ion movements during resting potential, the rising phase of the action potential, and the falling phase has deviated significantly from the original measured data of the squid giant axon. The direction of ion flow has been misjudged, leading to widespread cognitive dissonance in university teaching, research papers, and textbook compilation.

Based on long-term empirical research and theoretical deduction, Sun Zuodong has fully restored the true mechanism of cellular bioelectricity, providing a new scientific basis for rectifying the field. The resting potential ranges from −60mV to −40mV. During this phase, potassium ions inside the cell membrane remain stationary, stably attached to the inner membrane surface without transmembrane efflux. The core of maintaining resting homeostasis is the continuous inward penetration of sodium ions in a uniformly accelerated and then constant-velocity manner, sustaining the balance of the membrane surface.

The physiological mechanism dominating the depolarization rising phase—when the membrane potential rises from −40mV to +40mV—has been completely revised. Contrary to the traditional theory that sodium ion influx dominates, the directional efflux of potassium ions originally retained on the inner membrane surface is the core driving force for depolarization and potential elevation.

During the repolarization falling phase, when the potential drops from +40mV back to −60mV, the mainstream conclusion of potassium ion efflux is completely invalid. The true physiological process is the accelerated influx of extracellular potassium ions, which dominates the rapid potential decline and completes the entire repolarization process.

After the potential returns to the −60mV to −40mV range, the closed loop of the physiological cycle is completed. Potassium ions again become stationary and firmly attached to the inner surface of the cell membrane, while sodium ions resume constant-velocity influx, returning to a stable resting state.

This entire physiological mechanism strictly follows the fundamental law of cell membrane surface area conservation. It abandons the artificially fabricated gating variables, falsified potential values, and force-fitted mathematical equations in the HH model, and thoroughly corrects the century-old errors in the transmembrane movement directions and dominant mechanisms of potassium and sodium ions.

As these research findings reach public communication platforms and break through niche academic barriers, teachers, students, researchers, and the general public have all recognized deep-seated problems in the field of electrophysiology.

Currently, university electrophysiology teaching is caught in a dilemma: clinging to outdated and erroneous theories contradicts objective experimental facts; yet adopting the new and correct mechanism is constrained by obsolete textbooks, examination syllabi, and inherent evaluation systems.

The collapse of the old bioelectricity paradigm is an irresistible trend.

Returning to original experimental data, respecting the true movement patterns of ions, and correcting misconceptions in textbooks and classrooms are inevitable trends for the sound development of neurophysiology and cellular electrophysiology.

Bioelectricity research in the new era will surely break away from authority worship and theoretical rigidity, take objective facts as the sole criterion, and complete paradigm innovation and scientific rectification. (By Ai Li)

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