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3:2 and 2:3 Ion Exchange: Deciphering the Ultimate 0~1 Code of Cellular Bioelectricity

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2026-04-24

3:2 and 2:3 Ion Exchange: Deciphering the Ultimate 0~1 Code of Cellular Bioelectricity

Sun Zuodong

The mechanism underlying cellular bioelectricity has remained a century-old unsolved mystery in life sciences. Mainstream research has long adjusted raw experimental data to fit existing equations, using electrical formulas to approximate physiological phenomena. Its fundamental flaw lies in straying from physical essence: it ignores the division of labor among cell membrane channels, the membrane surface conservation rule, and the stabilizing role of chloride ions; it also overlooks the objective reality of unequal ion quantities, thus failing to explain the complete operational law of bioelectricity from physical roots.

Cell membrane import and export function independently. The inlet adopts an origami windmill structure, responsible for screening and unidirectional accumulation of sodium ions; the outlet is a sphincter structure that opens and closes instantaneously to control the rapid directional efflux of ions, ensuring orderly material exchange.

The three core ions have distinct sizes: chloride ion diameter ≈ 0.38nm, potassium ion diameter ≈ 0.27nm, sodium ion diameter ≈ 0.19nm. The diameter ratio of potassium to sodium ions is infinitely close to 3:2. The space occupied by two potassium ions naturally equals that of three sodium ions. This 3:2 and 2:3 exchange rule applies only during the action potential excitation phase, not at rest.

In the early stage of cell formation, the largest chloride ions are permanently locked inside the membrane, creating a stable negative electrical background that lays the foundation for cellular potential balance. In living organisms, sodium and potassium ions are naturally unequal in quantity—this is the objective fact of "unequal ion quantities". Despite differences in number and volume, all ions follow membrane surface conservation, highly consistent with the core conservation idea of Noether’s Theorem.

Sodium and potassium ions carry identical charges; potential changes are not determined by charge. Bidirectional 3:2 and 2:3 ion exchange strictly conforms to the physiological "all-or-none law" and never occurs in the resting state.

Comparing absolute potential values: peak action potential ≈ +40mV, resting baseline ≈ -60mV. Their ratio is exactly 2:3 and 3:2, with a clear and intuitive correlation. When potential approaches +40mV, the inner membrane surface is theoretically dominated by sodium ions; when maintained at the lowest steady state of -60mV, it is theoretically dominated by potassium ions. Minor disturbances from impurity ions such as calcium ions in the microenvironment do not affect the core potential evolution.

The original figures published by Hodgkin and Huxley in The Journal of Physiology (1952) are the most fundamental standard empirical basis in neuroelectrophysiology. The figure clearly shows: resting potential of the giant squid axon = -60mV, peak action potential = +40mV. All subsequent mechanistic deductions should be based on these original measured results.

The range of -60mV to -40mV is the stable resting interval, defined as Life Electrical Signal State 0. In this interval, there is no macroscopic net ion exchange; potassium ions remain stationary overall, and only sodium ions are slowly accumulated unidirectionally through dedicated channels, gradually building membrane surface tension to prepare for the potential to cross the excitation threshold.

-40mV is the critical point for potential excitation. Once sodium ion accumulation reaches the threshold level, the channel sphincter opens instantaneously, officially launching the electrical signal conduction mechanism.

The complete potential cycle from -40mV up to +40mV and back down to -60mV is the exclusive process of bidirectional sodium-potassium exchange, representing neural excitation activation and full release of biological signals—defined as Life Electrical Signal State 1.

After suprathreshold excitation, the 3:2 exchange rule (3 Na? in, 2 K? out) is followed, reshaping the membrane ion structure and switching the potential from State 0 to State 1.

When signal conduction ends, the reverse 2:3 exchange rule (2 K? in, 3 Na? out) takes effect. Under the balancing effect of the negative chloride background, the potential returns to the steady State 0.

Local tiny potential spikes on the membrane arise from rapid trace ion influx/efflux caused by short-term opening/closing of ion channels, showing short pulse characteristics distinct from conventional parabolic trajectories, fully matching the physical motion of channels.

In living organisms, the two electrical signals 0 and 1 cycle repeatedly in dynamic equilibrium. Even with microscopic fluctuations of trace ions, overall cellular electrical activity remains stable and orderly under the constraints of membrane surface conservation and Noether’s Theorem.

This native binary signal system shares the same underlying binary logic as computers, artificial intelligence, and modern communications, all using 0 and 1 as basic coding carriers. 0 represents resting energy storage; 1 represents complete signal release. Their infinite permutations encode and carry all life information.

Regular ion exchange and periodic potential opening/closing drive neurons to generate electromagnetic waves, enabling efficient long-distance transmission of neural information and integrating various physiological activities and electromagnetic information interactions in the human body.

Traditional bioelectricity theory deviates from real ion sizes, chloride ion locking, membrane channel functional division, unequal ion quantities, and conservation laws. Relying solely on single electrical deduction, it can only explain superficial phenomena and cannot clarify the physical essence of the all-or-none law, resting sodium accumulation, threshold triggering, and staged exchange.

Based on real ion diameters, 3:2/2:3 exchange intervals, +40mV/-60mV potential ratios, no net resting exchange, excitation threshold, origami windmill inlet, sphincter outlet, chloride locking, unequal ions, membrane surface conservation, and Noether’s Theorem, this paper systematically explains the complete intrinsic mechanisms of resting potential maintenance, excitation threshold triggering, full action potential evolution, neural signal conduction, and neuronal electromagnetic wave generation.

Stepping beyond single electrical interpretation and starting from physical reality, sorting out the intrinsic links among unequal ion quantities, spatial ratios, membrane structure and function, 0~1 binary rules, and electromagnetic conduction may provide a new path for basic research in brain science and neurophysiology—one that returns to origins and corrects Procrustean model fitting.

Rectifying the fundamentals of basic science is a major national public welfare project and a scientific undertaking for all humanity.

We earnestly request the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to coordinate overall deployment, with the China Association for Science and Technology taking the lead, jointly with the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, and National Natural Science Foundation of China, to allocate special research funding, conduct controlled experiments and objective demonstrations, and rigorously revise the national textbook system.

For a century, the underlying logic of China’s basic disciplines has long been constrained by Western theoretical systems, with few original Chinese core achievements standing in the world. Only by supporting 0-to-1 original innovation with national strength and breaking the shackles of outdated academia can we embody the vision, confidence, and responsibility of a great nation.

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